๐ Clinical references โ where to look it up
Know your sources before you need them
The resources below are the ones you will use repeatedly throughout your career โ in clinic, on call, preparing for exams, and when a patient asks a question you cannot immediately answer. Bookmark them now. The SfE website, ABCD, and Endotext should be open tabs on every clinic day. Endobible (Imperial, updated 2025) is the most practical quick-reference in UK endocrinology.
SfE โ UK society for endocrinology, guidelines and patient info
ABCD โ diabetes and technology guidelines, free resources
Endotext โ free, peer-reviewed, comprehensive endocrine reference
Endobible โ Imperial 2025 practical protocols for UK practice
ImpEndo โ Imperial clinical endocrinology portal
Society for Endocrinology (SfE) UK Society
The primary professional body for UK endocrinology
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What it coversClinical guidance documents across all areas of endocrinology including adrenal, thyroid, pituitary, and reproductive endocrinology. Steroid emergency guidance (2022). Adrenal insufficiency management. Endocrine nurse specialist resources. SCE preparation materials.
Why it mattersSfE guidance is the primary UK standard โ the SfE 2022 adrenal insufficiency guidance is the document you cite for adrenal crisis management, SST protocols, and sick day rules. When in doubt about a UK practice standard, check here first.
Free to accessAll clinical guidelines are freely available without login. Patient information (yourhormones.info) is a separate, patient-facing resource from the same organisation.
The SfE emergency guidance card โ a pocket-sized guide to steroid emergencies โ is available as a free download. Keep it on your phone or print one for the registrar room. It covers adrenal crisis, sick day rules, and peri-operative steroid cover in one page. Source: SfE 2022.
ABCD โ Association of British Clinical Diabetologists UK Guideline
Diabetes guidelines, technology resources, audit tools
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What it coversHCL system guidance. Insulin pump initiation protocols. Sick day rules for technology patients. SGLT2i guidance. Inpatient diabetes management. Diabetes in renal disease. Pregnancy and diabetes. Flash glucose monitoring. All free to download.
Key resources for new consultantsABCD HCL System Information Leaflet 2023 โ give to every patient starting closed loop. Pump initiation guidance โ starting doses and follow-up schedule. Position statements on newer therapies. Access via abcd.care/resources.
Audit toolsABCD runs several national audits. National Diabetes Audit (NDA) reports HCL uptake as required by NICE TA943. Useful for benchmarking your service and identifying inequalities in technology access.
Endotext Free
Peer-reviewed, open-access endocrinology textbook
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What it isEndotext is a free, continuously updated, peer-reviewed endocrinology resource โ essentially a comprehensive online textbook covering every area of endocrinology and metabolism. Written by international experts. Chapters are updated regularly, making it more current than most printed textbooks.
Best use casesDeep-dive on a topic you don't see often (phaeochromocytoma genetics, rare pituitary tumours, lipid disorders, PCOS). Pre-clinic reading for a complex case. SCE preparation for lower-frequency topics. It sits between a standard textbook and a guideline โ more detailed than a summary, more accessible than a primary paper.
AccessibilityCompletely free. No login required. Fully searchable. Mobile-friendly. Available at endotext.org โ also accessible via NCBI Bookshelf (NBK format).
Endotext is particularly strong for reproductive endocrinology, lipids, and bone metabolism โ areas where UK-specific guidelines can be sparse and where the evidence base draws heavily on international literature. If your SCE question is about an unusual lipid disorder or a rare genetic syndrome, Endotext is where you should look first.
Endobible โ Imperial 2025 Practical Protocols
Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust clinical reference
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What it isThe Imperial Endocrinology Bible (2025 edition) is a practical clinical reference document compiled by the Imperial College Healthcare endocrinology team. It covers adrenal, thyroid, pituitary, dynamic testing protocols, and diabetes โ with specific protocols, drug doses, investigation thresholds, and cut-offs used at a major UK teaching centre. Highly practical for day-to-day clinical decisions.
Best use casesDynamic test protocols (SST, ITT, GHRH, water deprivation). Assay-specific reference ranges (Abbott Alinity). Hydrocortisone day curve interpretation targets. Drug doses for replacement therapy. Practical protocols for common endocrine procedures. Particularly useful if rotating through a centre that uses Imperial protocols.
Important caveatEndobible reflects Imperial protocols and may differ from your local centre's assay cut-offs, particularly for cortisol (SST cut-off is assay-dependent โ always verify against your local laboratory). Use as a practical guide, not as a substitute for your local protocols.
Diabetes UK Free
Patient charity and clinical information resource
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For cliniciansDiabetes UK's professional section contains up-to-date clinical information, practice guidelines, and patient leaflets. Particularly useful for: patient-facing resources on technology, type 2 diabetes management, Ramadan and diabetes guidance, and primary care support tools. The Diabetes UK professional conference (annual) is one of the main UK diabetes meetings.
For patients to be signposted toDiabetes UK's patient-facing website is one of the best freely available resources for people living with diabetes. Carbohydrate counting guides, sick day rules, technology information, driving advice. Recommend to newly diagnosed patients and those starting insulin or technology.
HelplineDiabetes UK helpline: 0345 123 2399. For patients with questions between clinic appointments, particularly useful for those who are newly diagnosed or adjusting therapy.
DSN.org.uk โ Diabetes Specialist Nurses UK
Professional network for diabetes specialist nurses
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What it isThe professional network for Diabetes Specialist Nurses (DSNs) in the UK. Contains clinical resources, education materials, and tools developed specifically for DSN-led diabetes care. A new consultant leading a diabetes technology service should be familiar with this resource โ it is what your DSN team use day-to-day.
Why consultants should know itA well-functioning diabetes technology service runs through DSN expertise. Understanding the resources your nursing team rely on helps you support their work, calibrate expectations for what the service can deliver, and identify training needs. The DSN forum also hosts the DSNF UK Charts (see Diabetes Technology tab) โ essential practical reference material.
๐ Diabetes technology resources
The platforms, programmes, and references that run diabetes technology clinics
These are the resources you will use most in a diabetes technology service. Set up Glooko clinic access before your first technology clinic โ you cannot review patient data without it. The Panther Programme is the structured HCL education resource used across NHS services. The DSNF Charts are the print-ready reference sheets that belong on every clinic desk.
Glooko โ multi-device platform for Omnipod, CamAPS, Dana, Accu-Chek
Panther Programme โ structured NHS HCL patient education
DSNF Charts โ downloadable CGM and pump reference sheets
ABCD Resources โ HCL sick day rules, pump initiation guidance
TREND โ T1DM sick day rules PDF (illness management)
Glooko โ Clinic Data Platform NHS Standard
Multi-device AGP platform ยท replaces Diasend
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What it coversGlooko is the main multi-device data platform in UK NHS diabetes technology clinics. Covers: Omnipod DASH and 5, CamAPS/YpsoPump, Dana pumps, Accu-Chek, and most blood glucose meters. Generates AGP reports, TIR summaries, and pattern analysis. Diasend has been retired โ Glooko is the active successor platform.
Setting up clinic accessYour diabetes specialist nurse team can help set up a shared clinic login. Do this before your first technology clinic appointment โ data review is central to the consultation. Patients share access via the Glooko app on their phone. The EU login (eu.my.glooko.com) is the correct portal for UK NHS clinics.
Glooko AcademyGlooko provides free training modules through the Glooko Academy โ accessible via the clinic login portal. Covers how to navigate the platform, interpret AGP reports, and manage different device types. Recommended for all new team members before starting technology clinics.
If a patient attends with a device you don't recognise, the first question is: which platform does it use? Omnipod and CamAPS โ Glooko. FreeStyle Libre โ LibreView. Dexcom โ Clarity. MiniMed โ CareLink. Tandem โ t:connect. Knowing this before the patient arrives saves time and prevents the awkward mid-consultation download scramble.
Panther Programme NHS HCL Education
Structured patient education for hybrid closed loop systems
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What it isThe Panther Programme is the structured education programme for people with T1DM starting hybrid closed loop systems on the NHS. It provides online, self-directed modules covering how HCL systems work, meal announcement, exercise modes, sick day rules, and troubleshooting. Aligned with NICE TA943 commissioning requirements.
For cliniciansPanther provides a clinician portal with patient enrolment tools, progress tracking, and completion records. Under TA943, patients should have completed an education programme before or alongside HCL initiation. Referring patients to Panther satisfies this requirement and reduces clinic education burden.
For patientsFree, accessible online from any device, available in multiple languages. Designed specifically for NHS patients starting HCL. Modules can be completed before the device arrives, so patients arrive at initiation informed and confident rather than anxious and overwhelmed.
Recommend Panther to every patient at the point of HCL decision โ not at the point of initiation. Giving patients 4โ6 weeks to work through the modules before the device arrives transforms initiation appointments. They come with questions about optimisation, not questions about what a bolus is.
DSNF UK Charts โ Clinical Reference Sheets Free
Diabetes Specialist Nurse Forum UK ยท Print-ready for clinic
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What it isThe DSNF UK Charts section provides downloadable clinical reference sheets for CGM and pump management. Includes TIR reference charts, CGM comparison guides (comparing Libre 2/3/Dexcom G6/G7 specs side-by-side), pump settings reference sheets, and HCL system summaries. Developed by and for diabetes specialist nurses โ practical and print-friendly.
Best usePrint the CGM comparison chart and the TIR reference chart โ keep them in the clinic room and give copies to your junior colleagues at the start of each rotation. The DSNF charts are the most used quick-reference for any clinician managing technology patients day-to-day.
TREND T1 Illness Rules Sick Day Rules
TREND UK โ Type 1 Diabetes illness management guide
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What it isTREND (Type 1 Diabetes, Research, Education and Network for Diabetes) has produced a widely used, patient-facing sick day rules document for T1DM. It covers what to do when unwell, when to check ketones, when to adjust insulin, and when to seek urgent care. Designed as a quick-reference for patients and healthcare workers.
Clinical usePrint and give to every T1DM patient on insulin pumps or HCL systems at initiation and annually. Particularly important for those on SGLT2i adjuncts (higher DKA risk), and for patients who have previously presented with DKA to ensure they recognise early warning signs.
For pump patientsThe ABCD HCL System Information Leaflet covers pump-specific sick day rules (cannula failure, system failure, DKA risk). Both documents should be given together at initiation.
Every T1DM patient on technology should leave every clinic appointment with three documents confirmed: (1) sick day rules (TREND or ABCD), (2) emergency contact for their pump company, (3) GP backup insulin prescription (glargine or degludec โ not detemir, which is being discontinued December 2026). If any of these are missing, the risk of a preventable DKA admission is significantly higher.
๐ Exercise, lifestyle & T1DM
Exercise management is one of the hardest problems in T1DM
Glucose management around physical activity remains one of the most challenging aspects of T1DM. Aerobic exercise lowers glucose, resistance training can raise it, and the nocturnal effect of both can cause lows hours after exercise ends. ExTOD and the enhance-d app are the best evidence-based UK resources for both clinicians and patients. RunSweet focuses specifically on sport and endurance โ excellent for athletic patients who struggle to find appropriate guidance.
ExTOD โ evidence-based exercise guidance for T1DM clinicians and patients
enhance-d app โ patient-facing exercise and diabetes tool
RunSweet โ sport, endurance, and T1DM resource
ExTOD โ Exercise for Type 1 Diabetes Free
Evidence-based exercise guidance ยท Adults and children
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What it isExTOD (Exercise for T1DM) is a UK-based research and education group providing evidence-based guidance on exercise management in T1DM. Clinician and patient sections. Covers: pre-exercise glucose targets, insulin reduction strategies, aerobic vs resistance exercise, nocturnal hypoglycaemia after exercise, use of CGM around activity, and HCL exercise modes.
Why it mattersExercise guidance in T1DM is an area where patients often receive conflicting advice and clinicians often feel under-confident. ExTOD provides the synthesised evidence base. The adults section is the most relevant for new consultants โ it covers the clinical scenarios you will encounter most frequently.
Key clinical pearls from ExTODAerobic exercise โ glucose falls. Resistance exercise โ glucose may rise. Mixed exercise โ variable. CGM lag means sensor glucose lags blood glucose by 5โ10 min during rapid changes. HCL activity mode โ raise glucose target 60โ90 min before exercise. Post-exercise nocturnal lows โ reduce overnight basal/target.
When a patient on HCL tells you their glucose crashes every time they exercise, the most common reasons are: (1) they haven't activated activity mode before exercise; (2) they've activated it too late (should be 60โ90 min before, not at the gym); (3) they've eaten a meal bolus too close to exercise start. ExTOD has downloadable patient-facing guides on each of these scenarios.
enhance-d โ Diabetes & Exercise App App
Patient-facing exercise management tool for T1DM
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What it isenhance-d is a patient-facing smartphone app developed to help people with T1DM manage glucose around physical activity. Provides personalised guidance on pre-exercise glucose targets, insulin adjustments, carbohydrate intake, and post-exercise monitoring based on exercise type and intensity. Evidence-based and developed in collaboration with diabetes researchers.
When to recommend itRecommend enhance-d to any active patient with T1DM who is struggling with glucose management around exercise โ particularly those who are committed to sport, gym, or running but finding that activity causes unpredictable glucose patterns that feel unmanageable. It provides the structure and algorithm that clinic appointments rarely have time to cover in depth.
enhance-d and ExTOD are complementary. ExTOD is primarily for clinicians and motivated patients who want to understand the evidence. enhance-d is the tool that translates that evidence into a practical, in-the-moment guide. Recommend both together for a patient who is struggling with exercise-related glucose management.
RunSweet โ Sport & Endurance with T1DM Free
Sport, endurance and elite performance with type 1 diabetes
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What it isRunSweet is a website dedicated to sport, endurance, and high-performance activity with type 1 diabetes. Covers running, cycling, triathlon, team sports, and extreme sports. Practical, patient-facing content with contributions from athletes and clinicians. Includes real-world glucose traces and strategies from people competing at every level from parkrun to elite sport.
Best useRecommend to patients who are keen runners, cyclists, or endurance athletes with T1DM โ particularly those who feel that standard diabetes advice doesn't account for their activity level. The content is written by and for people who take their sport seriously, and the tone is appropriately ambitious rather than cautionary. Also useful for any patient who wants to start running or cycling and feels intimidated by how to manage their glucose.
๐งฌ Specialist tools & rare diabetes
The tools that change management when the diagnosis isn't straightforward
MODY is the most commonly missed monogenic diabetes diagnosis in the UK. The Exeter Diabetes App makes MODY probability calculation quick and accessible โ every new diabetes consultant should know it. These specialist tools are most relevant when a patient doesn't fit the standard type 1 or type 2 presentation, or when the family history suggests something inherited.
Exeter Diabetes App โ MODY probability calculator, neonatal diabetes, T2DM-in-young tools
Free, validated, developed by the Exeter genetic diabetes team
Use when: T1DM antibody-negative, family history of diabetes ร3 generations, young-onset T2DM
Result drives the decision to refer for genetic testing โ NHS funded if probability โฅ25%
Exeter Diabetes App โ MODY & Monogenic Diabetes Free
University of Exeter ยท diabetesgenes.org
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What it doesThe Exeter Diabetes App contains validated probability calculators for MODY (Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young) and related monogenic diabetes conditions. Enter clinical features โ age of onset, BMI, family history, antibody status, C-peptide โ and receive a probability score for MODY. High probability triggers referral for NHS-funded genetic testing via the Exeter Molecular Genetics Laboratory.
When to use itConsider MODY when: T1DM antibodies are negative with preserved C-peptide. Diabetes diagnosed under age 35 with strong family history (3+ generations). Stable HbA1c on small doses of insulin or sulfonylurea alone. Neonatal diabetes (diagnosed before 6 months). Known family history of HNF1A/HNF4A/GCK mutation. The app guides whether clinical features are sufficient to justify genetic testing.
Tools availableMODY probability calculator (T1 misdiagnosis and T2 misdiagnosis versions). Neonatal diabetes decision tool. C-peptide interpretation guide. HbA1c in haemoglobin variants. Guidance on interpretation and onward referral. All based on validated published algorithms from the Exeter group.
NHS genetic testing pathwayIf MODY probability โฅ25% (or strong clinical indication): refer to regional genetics or directly to Exeter Molecular Genetics Laboratory for NHS-funded testing. A correct MODY diagnosis can mean insulin is stopped (GCK MODY requires no treatment) or switched to a sulfonylurea (HNF1A/4A MODY responds well). Getting this right changes the patient's life.
The most commonly missed MODY is GCK MODY (glucokinase mutation) โ these patients have a mildly elevated fasting glucose from birth, very stable HbA1c (usually 42โ55 mmol/mol), no significant diabetes complications, and a parent with the same fasting glucose. They don't need treatment โ ever. Many spend decades on metformin or insulin unnecessarily. A 2-minute MODY calculator could have caught them at diagnosis. Run the app on your next diabetes new patient who fits this picture.
๐ฟ Wellbeing, burnout & support
You cannot look after patients if you are not looking after yourself
Burnout, depression, and mental health difficulties are significantly more common among doctors than the general population โ and among consultants facing the pressures of a new post, a technology service, or a return from a career break, the risk is higher still. The resources below are confidential, specifically designed for doctors, and free to access. Using them is not a sign of weakness. Knowing they exist before you need them is clinical sense.
BMA Wellbeing โ counselling, peer support, 24/7 helpline
Doc Health โ confidential psychotherapy for doctors
Practitioner Health โ NHS-funded mental health service for healthcare workers
BMA Wellbeing Support Confidential
British Medical Association โ 24/7 counselling & peer support
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What's availableThe BMA provides free, confidential emotional support and counselling for doctors and medical students. Services include: 24/7 counselling helpline, structured counselling sessions (telephone and video), peer support network (doctors supporting doctors), specialist support for burnout and career difficulties, and financial and legal helplines.
Who it's forAll BMA members, but also non-members can access certain services. For any doctor experiencing stress, burnout, anxiety, depression, relationship difficulties, or difficulty coping with the pressures of practice. You do not need to be in crisis to call. The earlier you reach out, the easier it is to manage.
24/7 counselling helpline0330 123 1245 โ available any time, day or night, weekends and bank holidays. Confidential. Free. Staffed by trained counsellors. You can call anonymously.
Doc Health โ Confidential Psychotherapy Confidential
Psychotherapy and psychoanalysis specifically for doctors
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What it isDoc Health is a confidential service providing psychotherapy and consultation to doctors and dentists. Founded in 1987 by the BMA and Royal College of Psychiatrists. Staffed by experienced psychotherapists who understand the specific pressures of medical culture โ including the difficulty of being a doctor who is struggling, the identity aspects of medical training, and the particular dynamics of clinical hierarchy.
Who benefits mostDoctors who are experiencing burnout, difficulty with professional identity, difficulties at work that feel connected to personal history, anxiety about competence, or who want to explore deeper psychological support in a confidential setting without any connection to their employer or their GMC registration. Completely independent of NHS structures.
ConfidentialityCompletely confidential and independent. No connection to your employer, your trust, the GMC, or any professional body. What you discuss goes no further.
NHS Practitioner Health NHS-funded
NHS mental health service for healthcare workers
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What it isNHS Practitioner Health is a free, confidential NHS mental health and addiction service for doctors and dentists. Provides assessment, diagnosis, and treatment for mental health conditions including depression, anxiety, PTSD, burnout, and substance misuse. Clinicians understand the barriers doctors face in seeking help โ including concerns about GMC registration.
How it worksSelf-referral โ no GP referral needed. Initial assessment within a few days. Treatment pathway including therapy, medication review where needed, and workplace support. Coverage is national (England) but most appointments are via video, making access easy regardless of location.
GMC and confidentialityNHS Practitioner Health does not share information with your employer, the GMC, or any other organisation without your consent, except in very limited circumstances involving risk of serious harm. The vast majority of doctors who use the service continue to practise without any regulatory involvement whatsoever.
The most common reason doctors delay seeking help is the belief that their difficulties will affect their GMC registration or their job. In the vast majority of cases, this is not true. The services above exist specifically because that fear is a known barrier to doctors getting well. Seeking help early โ before things become a crisis โ is almost always what protects both your career and your patients. Source: BMA Wellbeing; NHS Practitioner Health.
๐ง Podcasts & media
Learning while you commute, cook, or recover from a night shift
Podcasts are one of the most efficient ways to maintain currency in a rapidly evolving field. The Glucose Never Lies is the standout resource for diabetes technology โ produced by a diabetes dietitian and researcher living with T1DM, it translates the evidence on CGM, HCL, exercise, and nutrition into practical, clinically useful content. It is as useful for clinicians as it is for patients, and several episodes are essential listening before starting a technology clinic.
The Glucose Never Lies โ diabetes technology, CGM, HCL, exercise, nutrition
Host John Pemberton โ diabetes educator, researcher, living with T1DM since 2008
Available free on Spotify, Apple Podcasts, and theglucoseneverlies.com
Recommend to patients as well as colleagues โ designed for both audiences
The Glucose Never Liesยฎ Podcast Podcast Free
theglucoseneverlies.com ยท John Pemberton
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What it coversCGM accuracy and interpretation ยท Hybrid closed loop and automated insulin delivery ยท Exercise and glucose management ยท Nutrition, low-carb, and insulin needs ยท Sleep and nocturnal glucose ยท Travel with T1DM ยท The psychology of living with diabetes. Each episode brings together research, clinical expertise, and the perspective of someone living with T1DM โ a combination that produces genuinely useful, practically oriented content.
Why it's worth recommending to patientsThe Glucose Never Lies treats patients as intelligent adults who want to understand the evidence behind their management decisions. For patients who feel overwhelmed, undertreated, or over-managed, the podcast can be genuinely therapeutic โ it normalises the difficulty of T1DM while providing the tools to manage it better. It is independent, carries no advertising, and is entirely evidence-based.
Why clinicians should listen tooThe technology episodes are excellent pre-clinic listening for anyone new to diabetes technology. Understanding how patients experience HCL, what questions they Google, and what misconceptions they arrive with makes for far more effective consultation. Several episodes have contributed to the content you see across this platform.
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The Glucose Never Liesยฎ
Host John Pemberton โ diabetes educator, researcher, and person living with T1DM since 2008. Co-hosted with Louise Collins, experienced diabetes specialist nurse. Independent, evidence-based, no advertising.
Start with the episodes on CGM accuracy, HCL optimisation, and exercise if you are new to diabetes technology. The pregnancy episode (featuring Professor Eleanor Scott) is essential listening before managing a T1DM pregnancy โ it covers the evidence behind tight glucose targets, insulin resistance patterns across trimesters, and the post-delivery insulin drop in a way that no textbook quite matches.
Suggest a Podcast Community
Other podcasts and media resources worth knowing
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Endocrinology & diabetes media worth following
Society for Endocrinology โ online CPDThe SfE website hosts recorded lectures, webinars, and the Endocrinologist journal. Excellent for CPD and keeping up with new evidence. The SfE annual conference recordings are available to members.
ABCD โ webinars and online eventsABCD regularly hosts free webinars on diabetes technology, NICE TA943 implementation, and clinical case discussions. Register via abcd.care to receive invitations. Often the fastest way to get practical implementation guidance on new NICE recommendations.
Endocrine Society (US) โ Endocrine LiveThe American Endocrine Society runs free webinars and on-demand education content. Useful for topics where US literature is ahead of UK guidance โ pituitary surgery outcomes, newer HCL data, precision medicine in diabetes. Available at endocrine.org.